Nuevas metáforas acerca de las mujeres líderes

María Laura Lupano Perugini

doi:10.18682/pd.v9i0.408

María Laura Lupano Perugini Universidad de Palermo, CONICET

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18682/pd.v9i0.408

Palabras clave: liderazgo, género, metáforas

Resumen

Este trabajo se propone mostrar la situación actual de las mujeres en relación a la posibilidad de acceder a puestos de liderazgo, así como explicar las metáforas que se emplean para representar dicha situación. Se analizan principalmente las metáforas: muro, techo de cristal y laberinto (Eagly & Carli, 2007). Asimismo se intenta dar cuenta de transformaciones tanto de los grupos sociales, como de los roles sociales y las organizaciones que favorecen el acceso de las mujeres a los puestos más altos.

Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Citas

Austin, A. W., Parrot, S. A., Korn, W. S., & Sax, L. J. (1997). The American freshman: Thirty year trends. Los Angeles: Higher education Research Institute, University of California.

Ashmore, R.D., Del Boca, F.K. & Wohlers, A.J. (1986). Gender stereotypes. En R. D. Ashmore y F.K. Del Boca (Eds.), The social psychology of Female- male Relations: A critical analysis of central concepts (pp. 69-119). Orlando: Academic Press.

Bell, E. & Nkomo, S. (2001). Our separate ways: Black and white women and the struggle for professional identity. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Bem, L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.

Bierema, L. (1999). A model for executive women’s learning and development. Adult Education Quarterly, 49 (2), 107- 122.

Broverman, I., Vogel, S., Broverman, D., Clarkson, F., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex- Role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 59- 78.

Butler, D & Geis, F. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 48-59.

Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 367-383.

Cox, T. (1993). Cultural diversity in organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. Cuadrado Guirado, I. Navas Luque, M. & Molero Alonso, F. (2006). Mujeres y Liderazgo. Claves Psicosociales del Techo de Cristal. Madrid: Sanz y Torres.

Cuadrado, I. (2002). Estilos de liderazgo y género: Una perspectiva psicosocial. Tesis doctoral publicada. ISBN 84-8240-597-7. Almería: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Almería.

Davini, M.C. (1996). La formación docente en cuestión. Buenos Aires: Paidós. Davison, H.K. & Burke M.J. (2000). Sex discrimination in simulated employment contexts: A metanalytic investigation. Journal of Vocational Behaviour 56, 225-248.

Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 439- 452.

Druskat, V.U. (1994). Gender and leadership style: Transformational and transactional leadership in the Roman Catholic Church. Leadership Quarterly, 5 (2), 99-109.

Dussel, I. (1997). Curriculum, humanismo y democracia en la enseñanza media (1863- 1920). Buenos Aires: FLACSO.

Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behaviour: A social- role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erbaum.

Eagly, A. H. (2003). The rise of female leaders. Zeitschrift fur sozialpsychologie, 34 (3), 123-132.

Eagly, A. H. & Karau, S. J., (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573- 598.

Eagly, A. H. & Carli L. (2001). Gender, Hierarchy, and Leadership: An Introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 629- 636.

Eagly, A. H. & Carli L. (2004). Women and Men as Leaders. En Antonakis J., Cianciolo A. & Sternberg R. (2004). The nature of leadership. (pp. 279- 301). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Eagly, A. H. & Carli L. (2007). Trough the labyrinth. The truth about how women become leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Eagly, A. H., & Johonson, B. T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 233-256.

Eagly, A., Karau, S. & Makhijani, M. (1995). Gender and the effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 125-145.

Eden, D., & Leviatan, U. (1975). Implicit leadership theory as a determinant of the factor structure underlying supervisory behavior scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 736-741.

Eyring, A. & Stead, B.A. (1998). Shattering the glass ceiling: Some successful corporate practices. Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 245-251.

Foschi, M. (2000). Double standards for competence: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 21- 42.

Gardiner, M. & Tiggerman, M. (1999). Gender differences in leadership style, job stress, and mental health in male and female dominated industries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 801- 816.

Geller, P. A. & Hobfoll, S. E. (1993). Gender differences in preference to offer social support to assertive men and women. Sex Roles, 287, 419- 432.

Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 657- 674.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos- INDEC (2002). Composición de la población ocupada. Participación según sexo, grupo de edad, posición en el hogar, categoría ocupacional, nivel de instrucción y rama de actividad, por aglomerado urbano. Recuperado el 5 de septiembre de 2005 de http://www.indec.gov.ar

Konrad, A. M, Ritchie, J. E., Jr., Lieb, P., & Corrigall, E. (2000). Sex differences and similarities in job attribute preferences: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 593-641.

Lupano Perugini M.L. & Castro Solano A. (2008). Liderazgo y género. Identificación de prototipos de liderazgo efectivo. En prensa.

Lupano Perugini M. L., Castro Solano. A. & Casullo M. M. (2007). Prototipos de liderazgo masculino y femenino en población militar. Manuscrito enviado para su publicación.

Martinez-Perez, M.D. & Osca, A. (2004). El éxito profesional desde una perspectiva de género: Propuesta de un modelo. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 57 (2), 193-208.

Morales, J. F. & Cuadrado, I. (2004). Introducción: Teoría de congruencia de rol del prejuicio hacia líderes femeninos. Rev. De Psicol. Gral. Y Aplic., 57 (2), 135- 146.

Ministerio de Defensa de la Nación Argentina (2007). Equidad de género y defensa: una política en marcha. Publicación del Ministerio de Defensa de la Nación Argentina, 1-105.

Mitra, A. (2003). Access to supervisory jobs and the gender wage gap among professionals. Journal of Economic Issues, 37, 1023-1044.

Morrison, A. (1992). The new leaders. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Moya, M.C. (2003). El análisis psicosocial del género. En J.F. Morales & C. Huici (Eds.), Estudios de Psicología social (pp. 175-222). Madrid: UNED.

Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 11- 35.

Oakley, J. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: understanding the scarcity of female CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, 27 (4), 321-334.

Ohlott, P., Ruderman, M. & Mc Cauley, C. (1994). Gender differences in managers developmental job experiences. Academy of Management Journal, 37 (1), 46-67.

Ragins, B., Townsend, B. & Mattis, M. (1998). Gender gap in the executive suite: CEOs and female executives report on breaking the glass ceiling. Academy of Management Executive, 12 (1). 28-42

Ridgeway, C. (2001). Gender, status and leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 637- 655

Rosener, J. B. (1990). Ways women leads. Harvard Business Review, 68, 119-125. Ruderman, M., Ohlott, P., Penzer, K. & King S. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy of management Journal, 45 (2), 369- 377.

Ryan, M.K. & Haslam, S.A. (2005). The glass cliff: Evidence that women are over represented in precarious leadership positions. British Journal of Management, 16, 81-90.

Sarrió, M., Barberá, E., Ramos, A. & Candela, C. (2002). El techo de cristal en la promoción profesional de las mujeres. Revista de Psicología Social, 17 (2), 167-182.

Schein, V. E. (2001). A global look at psychological barriers to women’s progress in management. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 675- 688.

Smith, R.A. (2002). Race, gender and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 509-542.

Tedesco, J.C. (2000). Educación y sociedad en la Argentina (1880-1945). Buenos Aires: Solar.

Toronchik, A. (2005, 17 de julio de 2005). Las mujeres se adaptan mejor a la universidad y se gradúan más. [Versión electrónica]. Clarín. Recuperado el 29 de agosto de 2008, de http://www.clarín.com

Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in masculine and feminine traits over time: A meta analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.

Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in women’s assertiveness in response to status and roles: A cross- temporal meta- analysis, 1931- 1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.

U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics (2002, 2007). Household data: Monthly household data (Table A- 1: Employers persons by occupation, sex, and age).

Van Engen, M., Van Der Leeden, R. & Willemsen, T. (2001). Gender, context and leadership styles: A field study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 581-598.

Wirth, L. (2001). Breaking trough the glass ceiling: Women in management. Geneva: International Labour Office.

Wofford, J., Goodwin, V. L., Wittington, J. (1998). A field study of a cognitive approach to understanding transformational and transactional leadership. Leadership Quarterly. 9, 55-84.

Wofford, J., & Goodwin, V. L. (1994). A cognitive interpretation of transactional and transformational leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly, 5, 161- 186.