The concept of spirituality and its relation to religion in positive psychology
Abstract
This is a theoretical study that aims to provide a review of current scientific studies on the concept of spirituality and proposes some issues for future research. The article brings a literature review on the subject, including several areas of positive psychology. Articles and books in Portuguese, Spanish and English were examined and held a computerized search in the SciELO (www.scielo.br) and electronic Indexer Google Scholar, and the references of materials examined. The descriptors were: conceit, espirit, religion, and their counterparts in Spanish and English. The purpose of this review is outline some definitions to set limits and help in conducting research when the researcher should choose constructs and measurement instruments. Comment some classical authors such as Wundt, Maslow and James. After there is a difference about religion and spirituality, discussing their similarities and antagonisms that are mentioned in the reviewed literature and how the concept of spirituality appears in Positive Psychology.
Downloads
References
Averill, J. R. (2002). Emotional creativity: toward “spiritualizing the passions. In C. R. Snyders & S. J. Lopez (Eds.) Handbook of Positive Psychology. (p.172-188). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Avila, A. (2007). Para conhecer a Psicologia da Religião. São Paulo, Edições Loyola.
Belzen, J. A. (2005). Methodological concerns in the psychology of religion: continuities, losses and transforming perspectives. Religion, 35, 137-165.
Cohen, S. & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin. 98(2), 310-357.
Dantas, C. R.; Pavarin, L. B.& Dalgalarrondo, P. (1999). Sintomas de conteúdo religioso em pacientes psiquiátricos. Revista Brasileira de Psiquatria, 21 (3), 158-164.
Elkins, D. (1998). Além da religião. São Paulo: Pensamento.
Elkins, D. N.; Hedstrom, L. J.; Hughes, L. J.; Leaf, J. A. & Saunders, C. (1988). Toward a humanistic-phenomenological spirituality, definition, description and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28 (4), 5-18.
Fowler, J. (1992). Estágios da fé: a psicologia do desenvolvimento humano e a busca de sentido. São Leopoldo: Sinodal.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-built theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 55, 218- 226.
Fuller, R. C. (2001). Spiritual, But Not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gable, S. L. & Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is Positive Psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9 (2), 103-110.
Gallup, G., Jr., & Lindsay, D. M. (1999). Surveying the religious landscape: Trends in U.S. beliefs. Harrisburg: Morehouse.
Hall, C.; Lindzey, G. (1984). Teorias da personalidade. São Paulo: EPU.
Hill, P. C. & Pargament, K. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality, implication for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58 (1), 64-74.
Hill, P. C.; Pargament, K. I.; Hood, R. W.; Jr., McCullough, M. E.; Swyers, J. P.; Larson, D. B., & Zinnbauer, B. J. (2000). Conceptualizing religion and spirituality: points of commonality, points of departure. Journal for the theory of social behaviour, 30, 51–77.
Ironson, G.; Stuetzle, R & Fletcher, M. A. (2006). An increase in religiousness/ spirituality occurs after HIV diagnosis and predicts slower disease progression over 4 years in people with HIV. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21 (5), 62-68.
James, W. (1995). As variedades da experiência religiosa. São Paulo: Cultrix.
Jung, C. G. (1986). Psicologia e Religião Oriental. Petrópolis: Vozes.
Koenig, H.G.; George, L.K.; Meador, K.G.; Blazer, D.G.; Ford, S.M. (1994). Religious practices and alcoholism in a southern adult population. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 54 (3): 225-231.
Lukoff, D. (1992). Toward a more culturally sensitive DSM-IV (psychoreligious and psuchospiritual problems). The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 673-682.
Mahoney, A. (2002).Constructivism and Positive Psychology. In C. R. Snyder, & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 745-750). New York: Oxford University Press.
Martinez, M. L. (2006). El estudio científico de las fortalezas trascendentales desde la psicología positiva. Clínica y Salud, 17 (3), 245-258.
Maslow, A. H. (s/d). Introdução à psicologia do ser. Rio de Janeiro: Eldorado.
Maslow, A. H. (1995). El hombre autorrealizado. Barcelona: Kairós.
Mattis, J. S.; Jagers, R. J. (2001). A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans. Journal of Community Psychology, 29 (5), 519-539.
Miller, W. (1999). Integrating Spirituality Into Treatment: Resources for Practitioners. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Miller, W. R. & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58 (1), 24-35.
Moreira-Almeida,A.;LotufoNeto,F.& Koenig,H.G.(2006).Religiousnessand mental health: a review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28 (3), 242-250.
Paludo, S. S. & Koller, S. H. (2006). Gratidão em contextos de risco: uma relação possível? Revista Psicodebate Psicología, Cultura y Sociedad, 7, 55-66.
Paludo, S. S. & Koller, S. H. (2007). Psicologia Positiva: uma nova abordagem para antigas questões. Paidéia, 17 (36), 9-20.
Panzini, R. G. & Bandeira, D. R. (2005). Escala de coping religioso-espiritual (Escala CRE): elaboração e validação de construto. Psicologia em estudo, 10 (3), 507-516.
Pargament, K. I; Mahoney, A. (2002). Spirituality: the discovery and conservation of the sacred. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Ed.) Handbook of Positive Psychology. (p. 646-659) New York: Oxford University Press.
Park, C. L. (2007). Religiousness/spirituality and health: a meaning systems perspective. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30 (4), 319-328.
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2006). Character strengths and happiness among young children: content analysis of parental descriptions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 323-341.
Park, N.; Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Strengths Of Character And Well–Being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23 (5), 603-619.
Parsons, W. B. & Jonte-Pace, D. (2001). Religion and psychology: mapping the terrain. London: Routledge.
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2003). Character strengths before and after September 11. Psychological Science, 14 (4), 381-384.
Roehlkepartain, E. C.; Benson, P.; King, P. E.; Wagener, L. M. (2006). Spiritual development in childhood and adolescence: moving to the scientific mainstream. In E. C. Roehlkepartain; P. L. King; L. M. Wagener, P. L. Benson (Ed.). The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. (p. 1-15) Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Samano, E. S. T.; Goldenstein, P. T.; Ribeiro, L. M.; Lewin, F.; Valesin Filho, E. S.; Soares, H. P.; Giglio, A. (2004). Praying correlates with higher quality of life: results from a survey on complementary / alternative medicine use among a group of Brazilian cancer patients. São Paulo Medical Journal, 122 (2), 60-63.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyders & S. J. Lopez (Eds.) Handbook of Positive Psychology. (p.3-12). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Felicidade autêntica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
Seligman, M. E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
Shahabi, L.; Powell, L. H.; Musick, M. A.; Pargament, K. I.; Thoresen, C. E.; Williams, D.; Underwood, L. & Ory, M. A. (2002). Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in american adults. Behavioral Science, 24 (1), 59-68.
Shapiro, S. L. (2009). The integration of mindfulness and psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65 (6), 555-560.
Snyder, C. R. & Lopez, S. J. (2007). Positive Psychology: the scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Yunes, M. A. M. (2003). Psicologia positiva e resiliência: o foco no indivíduo e na família. Psicologia em Estudo, 8, 75-84.
Zinnbauer, B. J. & Pargament, K. I. (2000). Working With the Sacred: Four Approaches to Religious and Spiritual Issues in Counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development. 78 (2), 162-171.
Zinnbauer, B. J. & Park, C. L. (2005). Religiousness and spirituality. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Ed.) Handbook of psychology of religion and spirituality. (pp. 21-42). New York: The Guilford Pres.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to grant Psicodebate copyright and right of publication and accept the work being licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the authors and Psicodebate.
