¿Se adapta el bienestar subjetivo ante situaciones de pobreza multidimensional? Estudio longitudinal para un grupo de adolescentes en un país de ingresos medios
Resumen
Exploramos la adaptación del bienestar subjetivo ante la pobreza multidimensional utilizando datos longitudinales de adolescentes en Perú, un país de ingresos medios. Específicamente, empleamos datos de cuatro rondas de la base de datos de panel del proyecto Young Lives, realizadas en 2002, 2006, 2009 y 2013, para evaluar en qué medida los adolescentes peruanos que viven en pobreza multidimensional adaptan su evaluación subjetiva global de la vida frente a la situación de privación que experimentan. Utilizamos la escala de Cantril como indicador de bienestar subjetivo y medimos la pobreza multidimensional a partir de nueve dimensiones, operacionalizadas mediante un indicador de privación cada una. Encontramos que quienes experimentan una mayor cantidad de privaciones presentan menores niveles de bienestar subjetivo, y que quienes salen de la pobreza de un periodo a otro presentan mayores niveles de bienestar subjetivo que quienes se mantienen en pobreza en dos periodos consecutivos. Esto da cuenta de que los adolescentes incluidos en el estudio no adaptan sus evaluaciones subjetivas del bienestar ante las situaciones de pobreza multidimensional que enfrentan. Este hallazgo es consistente con lo encontrado por estudios similares realizados en otros países de América Latina como Chile o Uruguay. De manera complementaria, usamos un índice de riqueza que refleja las condiciones de vida en tres dimensiones y encontramos que quienes caen en pobreza de un periodo a otro tienen menores niveles de bienestar que quienes permanecen en pobreza en dos periodos consecutivos. Esto podría reflejar cierto grado de adaptación en quienes experimentan privaciones que perduran en el tiempo. Nuestro estudio es el primero en explorar la adaptación del bienestar subjetivo ante la pobreza multidimensional, entendida de manera comprehensiva, en un país de ingresos medios haciendo uso de datos longitudinales.
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